The European Cities in the 19th Century

The 19th century interrupted the historical continuity of urban structures and affected them profoundly, for instance by leading to the end of the "villes closes", and laying the foundations for the contemporary city. The changes that affected all European countries produced new demands and required cities to perform new functions, neglecting or abandoning traditional tasks. By the end of the 19th century, what was left of the ancient European cities? What was left of the very concept of the city? The analysis of the mutations of the material and immaterial, economic, social and cultural forms of European cities and local power structures will provide an answer to these questions.