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Philosophy of Science

Persone

Seele P.

Docente titolare del corso

Descrizione

As a starting point, human self-reflection is understood as precondition to the emergence of science. Pre-classing thinker and sophist Protagoras can be seen as a foundation father when stating: "Man is the measure of all things; of what is, that it is; of what is not, that it is not". Based on the ability to think about thinking and to reflect upon different approaches, the course turns towards classical antiquity and here foremost to Plato’s definition of knowledge as ‘justified true belief’ and Aristotle’s distinction of Episteme, Techne and Doxa; terms used in different concepts until today. The course introduces the ‘reflective self’ as introduced by Augustine and briefly introduces the notion of scholasticism, where following Thomas Aquinas, “the knowledge of any truth whatsoever man needs divine help”. Knowledge was liberated in the wake modernity and the concept of science was further developed by William of Ockham, who contributed the principle of simple and economic science known as Ockham’s razor. The development of science and the ‘scientific method’ can be seen in Descartes foundation of ‘rationalism’ based on ‘methodological skepticism’, which he developed in his “Discourse on the Method”. Rationalism opened the way to modernity and enlightenment. As Descartes was thinking of a principal method based on reason, Thomas Kuhn in the last century arrived at the sequential notion of scientific revolutions. Following Kuhn science happens in paradigms and a paradigm shift is characterized by the incommensurability of the old and the new paradigm. This approach explains why different scientific findings are perceived as ‘right’ or ‘valid’ although they are in logical opposition to the previous and/or the following paradigm. Furthermore and also in the last century, Karl Popper introduced the idea of falsification and the value of failing theories in the context of deduction and induction as means to arrive at scientific conclusions. Based on the different philosophical viewpoints and core questions of philosophy of science, the course opens space for discussion about the responsibility of science in general and the scientist in particular. This question also imposes the question of communication in science and between scientists. 

Lastly, we look at what is known as ‘positivistic turn’. Here Ludwig Wittgenstein’s contribution about the ability to “think what cannot be thought” can be seen as ongoing yet also controversial invitation to focus on a positivistic paradigm. Wittgenstein’s postulation to remain ‘silent’ on what cannot be said clearly opens debate about the role of communication as medium of science. An outlook for recent debates in the philosophy of science (Schurz 2013) translating into social sciences is presented leading to the most recent debates on the ‘power of methods’ and ‘social epistemology’. The course also introduces the technicalities of data points, research design and theory building of current philosophy of science. 

Finally, big data and digitalization affect the way in which science is conceptualized leading to a data-driven networked understanding of ‘the science of science’. The closing discussion is on the responsibility of science and the scientist and reflects upon the role and responsibilities of what it means to become a scholar. 

Obiettivi

PhD students get to know the history of the philosophy of science up to the current state-of-the-art. The course also presents model building, theory advancement, social epistemology, big data ‘science of science’ and lastly the responsibility-ofscience-freedom-nexus

Modalità di insegnamento

In presenza

Impostazione pedagogico-didattica

Lecture, discussion, essays

Modalità d’esame

Students will receive 1.5 ECTS for Philosophy of Science by attending the two days and writing an essay. 

Offerta formativa